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What is behind current efforts to reform the framework for regulating systemically important financial institutions? What key reforms have been suggested, what reforms are being implemented, and what impacts do you think they will have?

背景：

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关键词：Basel Committee framework credit risk bank 英国论文 硕士课程论文

论文题目：对于系统重要性金融机构的监管体系的改革.都有哪些改革?这些改革中, 哪些主要的改革已被推荐?哪些改革正在实施?这些改革分别有什么影响?(论文题目比较散,看英文原文比较好理解,英文题目见附件)
论文语种：英文
您的研究方向：银行
是否有数据处理要求：否
您的国家：英国
您的学校背景：英国商科排名15位
要求字数：2000
论文用途：硕士课程论文 Master Assignment
是否需要盲审（博士或硕士生有这个需要）：否补充要求和说明：1.论文参考文献格式,Havard2.参考文献不少于7篇,选择国外最新核心期刊.3.学校有课件和阅读材料可以参考,见附件.4.论文是Essay格式5.抄袭率一定要低6.因为文章内容包含前瞻性内容,请找银行专业的人员代写.

1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction Basel I
Basel I is created by the Basel Committee. It’s also named as “1988 Basel Accord” because this accord has been enforced by the “Group of 10” countries (G-10) in 1988 (Van Roy, 2005). This accord mainly focused on credit risk. Basel I is based on the necessity to link the bank’s capital to its risk. Considering its type of assets, the bank will have a specific percentage of capital requirements to protect themselves against losses. The key idea of this system is built on “the risk weighted asset”. This is given by the Cooke Ratio or the Solvability Ratio (Brunnermeier & Pedersen, 2009):
Capital requirement % for a bank = Capital / Risk weighted Assets * 100%.
 The capital required should be at least 8%.
 The http://www.51lunwen.com/bankcurrency/2012/0118/lw201201181254294215.html  capital is what belongs to a bank (cash, share, stocks, earnings…). It’s one part of the Assets.
 Total Assets (cash, investments, inventories) = Total Liabilities (Accounts payables, debts, stocks).
An international bank has to maintain exceed a capital percentage of 8% of its assets as a standard ratio and 4% of its core capital to cover losses:
 Capital requirement % for a bank = 8 % ≥ Capital / risk weighted assets. http://www.51lunwen.com/bankcurrency/2012/0118/lw201201181254294215.html
 Capital requirement % for a bank = 4 % ≥ Core capital / risk weighted assets.
So Capital requirement amount with Basel I model is equal to the amount of capital for credit risk. Core capital is “basic equity” or also known as “Tiers 1 capital”, which is the most reliable and liquid measure of shareholders’ equity: For example, earnings, commons stocks and preferred stocks are “Tiers 1 capital” or “Core capital” because they http://www.51lunwen.com/bankcurrency/2012/0118/lw201201181254294215.html  are reliable and non-cumulative. This is different from the cumulative capital known as “Tiers 2 capital” (which includes cumulative preferred stocks). It’s important to determine the distinction between “Tie 本论文由无忧论文网www.51lunwen.com整理提供

  
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