坚实的把手，并且保证你做了所有你可以做的事来让项目在这个疯狂的世界上成功。
Managing software projects is difficult under the best circumstances. Unfortunately, many new project managers receive virtually no job training. Sometimes you must rely on coaching and survival tips from people who have already done their tour of duty in the project management trenches. Here are 20 such tips for success, which I’ve learned from both well-managed and challenged projects. Keep these suggestions in mind during your next project, recognizing that none of them is a silver bullet for your project management problems.
Laying the Groundwork
Tip #1: Define project success criteria. At the beginning of the project, make sure the stakeholders share a common understanding of how they will determine whether this project is successful. Too often, meeting a predetermined schedule is the only apparent success factor, but there are certainly others. Some examples are increasing market share, reaching a specified sales volume or revenue, achieving specific customer satisfaction measures, retiring a high-maintenance legacy system, and achieving a particular transaction processing volume and correctness.
Tip #2: Identify project drivers, constraints, and degrees of freedom. Every project needs to balance its functionality, staffing, budget, schedule, and quality objectives. Define each of these five project dimensions as either a constraint within which you must operate, a driver aligned with project success, or a degree of f无忧论文 【http://www.uklunwen.com】reedom that you can adjust within some stated bounds to succeed. For more details about this, see Chapter 2 of my Creating a Software Engineering Culture (Dorset House, 1996).
Tip #3: Define product release criteria. Early in the project, decide what criteria will determine whether or not the product is ready for release. You might base release criteria on the number of high-priority defects still open, performance measurements, specific functionality being fully operational, or other indicators that the project has met its goals. Whatever criteria you choose should be realistic, measurable, documented, and aligned with what "quality" means to your customers.
Tip #4: Negotiate commitments. Despite pressure to promise the impossible, never make a commitment you know you can’t keep. Engage in good-faith negotiations with customers and managers about what is realistically achievable. Any data you have from previous projects will help you make persuasive arguments, although there is no real defense against unreasonable people.
Planning the Work
Tip #5: Write a plan. Some people believe the time spent writing a plan could be better spent writing code, but I don’t agree. The hard part isn’t writing the plan. The hard part is actually doing the planning—thinking, negotiating, balancing, talking, asking, and listening. The time you spend analyzing what it will take to solve the problem will reduce the number of surprises you have to cope with later in the project.
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论文题目：
成功项目管理的秘密 
