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976).
Snell-Hornby takes metaphor translation in the light of the integrated
approach. She says that
The sense of the metaphor is frequently culture-specific, [...] Whether
a metaphor is
’translatable’ (i.e. whether a literal translation could recreate identical
dimensions), how
difficult it is to translate, how it can be translated and whether it should
be translated at all
cannot be decided by a set of abstract rules, but must depend on the structure
and function of
the particular metaphor within the text concerned ". (1988: 56-9)
van den Broeck conceives the treatment of metaphors as a functional relevancy
to the communicative situation (1981). Mary Fung also considers translating
metaphor as a communicative event which is both interlingual and intercultural
(1995).
Different from the semantic, cultural and functional perspectives mentioned
above, Newmark holds a more pragmatic approach. Drawing on his practical
experience, he proposes several procedures for translating metaphor: (1)
Reproducing the same image in the target language; (2)
Replacing the SL image with another established TL image; (3) Replacing
the metaphor by simile; (4) Retaining the metaphor and adding the sense;
(5) Converting the metaphor to sense; (6) Omitting the metaphor if it is
redundant.
Discussions of the subject, especially those written in Chinese, are also
pragmatic rather than theoretic无忧论文 【http://www.uklunwen.com】al. In E-C Translation Coursebook (1980
) which is the most widely used translation textbook in China, Zhang Peiji
(张培基) and his co-compilers summarized three popular methods for translating
metaphors: (1) Literal translation (similar to Newmark’s first procedure);
(2) Replacing the SL image with a standard TL image (similar to Newmark’s
second procedure); (3) Converting the metaphor to sense (Same as Newmark’s
fifth procedure).
Based on the methods suggested by Zhang and his colleagues, Guo Zhuzhang
(郭著章) proposes five in A Practical Coursebook in Translation Between
English and Chinese (1996, revised edition): (1) Literal translation plus
explanation; (2) Literal translation plus meaning; (3) Adapting the metaphor;
(4) Using Chinese couplets to render the English metaphor; (5) Replacing
the SL image with a TL image.
4. How Are Metaphors Translated?
The above methods, envisaged as guidelines for the translation students
as well as the practical translators, are quite exhaustive of rendering
the metaphor. Which of the methods of translation are actually domesticating
and which ones foreignizing? In the following section I will cite some
examples of metaphor translation from two translation textbooks, two dictionaries
and two articles as the source for the analysis.
4.1 Examples
Examples are cited from: (1) E-C Translation Coursebook (1980) by Zhang
Peiji (张培基) et al., (2) A Practical Coursebook in |
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