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e reader may not know what "Newcastle" means, so they suggest
making a note to identify this place rich in coal.
In the last two examples, we see that "He who keeps company with the wolf
will learn to howl" is turned into "近朱者赤，近墨者黑" (He who touches
vermilion will be reddened, and he who deals with ink will be blackened);
"Great men are not always wise" becomes "人有失手日，马有失蹄时" (Men will
make mistakes, horses all stumble). There is a change of image and references
in both translations. Antithetical couplets are a special feature in the
Chinese culture. When the Chinese couplets are used to render the English
proverbs, the translated version often bring in more images than the original
although the philosophy of the proverb remains the same.
5. Findings and implications
Are SL culture specific expressions replaced purely and simply or are they
more often than not retained in Chinese translations? My investigation
shows neither. From the above examples of metaphor translation and analysis,
we can see that methods 1 and 3 ( literal translation; literal translation
plus sense and explanation) are practiced with the concept of foreignization.
The translator "deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something
of the foreigness of the original" (Shuttleworth &Cowie, 1997:59). The
translator’s choice, in Venuti’s words, is an ethno-deviant pressure on
target language values "to register the linguistic and c无忧论文 【http://www.uklunwen.com】ultural difference
of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad" (1993: 20).
Methods 2, 4 and 5 (Replacing the SL image with a standard TL image; Converting
the metaphor to meaning; using Chinese couplets to replace the English
metaphor.) are domesticating strategies, in which "a transparent, fluent
style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text
for target language readers" (Shuttleworth &Cowie, 1997:59).
Then what makes the translator decide on the domesticating or foreignizing
strategy? My research shows that
(1) When the basic metaphorical concepts of SL and TL communities correspond,
as in "to our ancestors" and "armed to teeth", the original image or flavour
is most likely to be retained.
(2) When they come cross SL historical, geographical or folk heritage in
cultural-specific metaphors as such "to carry coals to Newcastle" and "a
skeleton in the cupboard/closet", the Chinese translator would try very
hard to find suitable solutions for them. The best solution so far is to
retain the original image or cultural -specific features with the support
of interpretations so that the implications of the story generally accepted
by members of the culture eventually get cross to the TL reader.
(3) The TL reader’s response is still a significant criterion and the main
consideration in metaphor translation. When the associations of an image
in the SL is lacking in the TL, for
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