ut should be indicated by three dots in the text (…). If you need to add a word or two to a quotation to make the sense clear, put these inside square brackets [ ].
Short quotations (up to about two lines of your text) should be in double quotation marks (“ “) in the text, followed by the citation.
Example:
Contrary to the ‘storybook’ picture of science as a unified whole Kuhn argues that “…viewing all fields [of science] together, it seems instead a rather ramshackle
· Longer quotations should be set out as an indented passage (i.e., with an extra margin of about 1cm at the left)
· Such longer, indented quotations are normally printed single-spaced.
· Indented quotations are not placed in quotation marks.
· Quoting an extract that is already a quotation. In the following example, note that the text has been taken from a secondary source, and is cited accordingly.
Example: the social production of their life men (sic) enter into definite relations that are indispensable and independent of their will, relations of production which correspond to a definite stage of the development of their material forces. The sum total of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society…(Marx, 1859: 38, cited in Hughes et al., 1995: 42)
Citations and quotations are a central part of academic conventions. The conventions serve to:
· acknowledge the origins of ideas/evidence/interpretations
· provide support for the line of argument that is 无忧论文 【http://www.uklunwen.com】advanced in the essay
· allow the reader to trace your claims and check them for themselves
References
In the Harvard system all cited material is listed in alphabetical order at the end of the piece. A sample is given below (p.9), showing how to set out the references.
Tip: Full and systematic references are an essential part of a properly researched piece of work. It will save time if you note all the details when you read or make notes on a text. It is extremely time-consuming to hunt down incomplete references at a later date.
Reference to a book:
Elements needed:
Author(s): Surname(s), Initial(s)
Year of publication (in brackets)
Title or Title
Edition – if other than first
Place of publication
Publisher
Example: Dunkerley, D. & Thompson, A. (eds) (1999) Wales Today, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Reference to a single contribution in a book (e.g. a published chapter in an edited book) should be laid out as:
Elements needed:
Author of contribution
Year of publication (in brackets)
Title of contribution (in single quotes)
In: Author(s)/Editors
Title of publication or Title of publication
Edition – if other than first
Place of publication
Publisher
Page numbers
Example: Travis, G.D.L. (1980) ‘On the Construction of Creativity: The ‘memory transfer’ phenomenon and the Importance of Being Earnest’ in K.D. Knorr, R. Krohn & R. Whitley (eds) The Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook lV: The social processes of scientific |
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