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or engineering, but to the practical, technical, and systematic
pursuit of solutions to problems of all kinds. Do we need to make water safe to drink? Do we
need to license drivers so that they may operate cars? Do we need to cure cancer? These
problems warrant the application of technology.
Technology critics, seeking to disentangle the various factors that technology comprises,
conventionally distinguish three separate dimensions. These are (i) technical devices and
processes—machines or tools as well as non-material phenomena like an algorithm, a theory, or a bureaucratic process; (ii) techniques, which is simply another name for skills
necessary to work with the tools; and (iii) the larger social infrastructure and cultural patterns
in which both (i) and (ii) are located, and which we might call “technological society.” Though
throughout these unit notes the word “technology” will often be used in its familiar form to
refer to technical devices and processes, remember that it more appropriately refers to (i),
(ii), and (iii). Such an application often then involves the use of machines (or non-material
phenomena) and skills in pursuit of that solution, and is guided either by formal scientific
knowledge or informal traditional wisdom, “know-how,” or common sense.
b. a political theory of technology: the work of Langdon Winner
(i) Who is Langdon Winner?
A rock critic for Rolling Stone in his youth, Winner is one of the most w无忧论文 【http://www.uklunwen.com】idely-read technology
critics today. He is the author of two books of technology criticism, Autonomous Technology:
Technics-out-of Control as a Theme in Political Thought and The Whale and the Reactor: A
Search for Limits in an Age of High Technology. He is identified with the viewpoint as
regards technology called “technological realism,” a perspective that examines the
relationship between technology, power, and institutions.
(ii) Winner’s case against the “social determination” of technology view
In classic technorealist style, Winner is concerned to investigate what he believes to be the
intrinsic or inherent political characteristics of technologies. In the course of investigating
this, he develops what he terms a “theory of technological politics.”
Winner begins his argument by establishing the perspective on technology he opposes
here: what we might call a “social determination of technology” view. Such a view argues
that elites make deliberate use of technologies to manipulate society for elite benefit.
According to such a view, one favoured by cultural studies pioneer Raymond Williams,
technologies themselves are neutral objects—mere instruments that are wielded by elites as
extensions of their interests. In this way, elites “determine” what technologies do and how
they will relate to society.
A classic formulation of this “social determination” position came in Williams’ book,
Television: Technology and Cultural Form, a |
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