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ary conviction and is liable
(a) in the case of an individual, to a fine not exceeding twenty thousand dollars for each day
that the offence continues; or
(b) in the case of a corporation, to a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand dollars for
each day that the offence continues.
b. the political reality behind the media marketplace
The U.S. media marketplace seems at first glance a free-market economist’s dream come
true. The current FCC is the most laissez-faire ever, and except in issues of wardrobe
malfunction-inspired morality concerns, everything seems possible. There have been many
mergers of large media corporations in both the broadcast (TV, radio, cable) and
telecommunications (telephone, satellite, data transmission) sectors. There have also been
significant concessions of digital bandwidth by government to private interests, and the
breaches of FCC regulation (such as the limits on the number of radio stations a given
company can own in a single market) are given a blind eye. McChesney argues, however,
that such effortless market-oriented expansion is actually the product of explicit government
policies, regulations, and subsidies.
In a chapter that serves as a survey of contemporary U.S. media policy and regulation,
McChesney organizes his analysis in terms of three particular categories.
(i) policies surrounding the development and deployment of communication
technologies
McChesney opens wi无忧论文 【http://www.uklunwen.com】th homage to McLuhan and Innis and their early recognition of the
significance of technology to understanding media. Because of the startling nature of
technological change, we often are disposed to seeing technology in terms of technological
determinism. Technological determinism can be defined as the belief that technologies
are capable of independent action, and what’s more, act on society and history
without human intervention. Technological change is also so rapid that it can thwart the
best intentions of regulators who find themselves using yesterday’s policies on tomorrow’s
devices. The variety and number of dazzling technological advances in contemporary
society seems to support the idea of technological determinism: the machines do seem
restless.
Yet McChesney reminds us that most of the major communication technologies we take for
granted—radio, TV, the PC, the Internet—derive from significant initial public investment.
FM radio was initially used in World War II tanks for tactical battlefield communication; RCA
and NBC, the corporate forces behind the commercialization of radio and TV, were initially
funded by the U.S. government; and the Internet derived from a U.S. military-funded
computer network operated between several American universities in the 1960s.
Governments also establish technical standards for new technologies, a crucial ingredient in
establishing a commercial application. McChesney also explains how the gov |
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