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merican society in the 1890s-1930s researched the nature
of communication and its role within democratic society. Today, communication theorist
Jurgen Habermas and philosopher Richard Rorty consider themselves heirs to the
Pragmatist tradition. A website for all things Pragmatist can be found at the Rogue’s
Gallery.
True to its name, the Pragmatist tradition sought to bring philosophical ideas to bear on
the practical problems of American society. They were in this sense “pragmatic,” and
rejected existing European traditions of high theory in preference for a New World
emphasis on putting thought to work. Theirs was also a mission of ethical reform, as
Pragmatist philosophers addressed what they felt were endemic problems in American
education, religion, politics, and other institutions. This is why they represent an
appropriate subject for the preface to the AC640 course’s ethics section.
Pragmatism was a response by American intellectuals to the peculiar challenges of
modern mass society. Rather than reject the modern world, as did various cultural
conservatives, or unthinkingly embrace it, as did the American business tycoons
prevalent in this era, the Pragmatists sought to build a bridge between the historical values and institutions of American life, and the future that was gathering like a storm
front before their eyes. More to the point, the Pragmatists sought to sustain the
American ideal of face-to-face democracy in the mid无忧论文 【http://www.uklunwen.com】dle of a complex, populous, and
mass-mediated urban civilization.
The basic features of Pragmatist thought are:
* liberal (focused on the individual and her or his freedom, and not on class
or social structures)
* pluralist (i.e. favouring a kind of free market of ideas, lifestyles, identities,
etc.)
* progressive (favoured change, more democracy, better distribution of
wealth and power, all on a gradual basis and using existing institutions; hence
Pragmatism was not Marxist)
* idealist (in the sense that they believed that ideas and values were the
principal means by which social process and human behaviour shaped, rather than the
economic determinism and materialism of Marxists)
* optimistic about science and technology as means to rationally guide
society
b. Pragmatism and communication
Communication was the key to maintaining this ideal of meaningful dialogue or a “great
community”—to use Dewey’s phrase—in the midst of urban America. The Pragmatists
saw communication as more than the exchange of ideas and experiences. Rather, it was
understood as the ethical and rational foundation of society. Truth was held to be not
something revealed through religion, but rather something produced through secular
human insight and conversation. Specifically, truth was not a fixed Platonic or Christian
ideal that existed outside language waiting to be discovered; rather, it was something
that was produced as individuals com |
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