city factors on the brilliance of greek culture in the classical age

【英文摘要】the causes of the boom of classical greek culture have long receivedattention from scholars at home and abroad.particularly since 1980s more and more publications on this subject have appeared.however,most of them focus　on the influences of slavery,slavery economy and democracy upon thedevelopment of ancient greek culture,the relation between ancient greekculture and ancient oriental culture,and so on;few of them approach thesubject from city perspective.taking classical athens for an example,thisthesis aims at expounding on the following city factors which engendered the boom of classical greek culture:1.it is in the city that businesses gather,which offer material basis for the prosperity of classical culture,the city　is the center of industrial and commercial activities;2.the boom of culture　requires corresponding talents and rich cultural resources;it is in the city that knowl无忧论文 【http://www.uklunwen.com】edge and intelligence assemble.athens is the significant stagefor the polis to carry out cultural education and communication activities.3.it is in the city that the institutions of the polis democracy are located,which provide political ensurance for the boom of classical greek culture.the establishment and operation of the polis democracy are inseparable from　the city from the beginning to the end.hence city is the basis for the boom　of classical greek culture.without city,it would be hard to imagine such abrilliance in the history of classical greece.
　　在古代希腊各城邦的演进中，有这样一个基本事实：公元前8—公元前6世纪，古代希腊的科林斯、阿果斯、斯巴达和米利都等城市，在经济、文化等方面远远胜过雅典。而从公元前6世纪开始，此前落后的雅典却后来居上，逐渐发展为希腊古典文化的杰出典范。究其原因，学界析论较多[1](第30-35页)，但很少从城市地域空间去观照希腊古典文化繁荣的原因。实际上，历史是有连续性的。古风时代(公元前8—公元前6世纪)空前规模的“殖民运动”所产生的重要影响之一，就是推动了希腊城市的成长和发展。据统计，公元前800—公元前500年间，由希腊城市所建的殖民地达139个[2](p.160-162)。这种发展不仅仅是城市地域空间的扩展和城市数量的增加，更重要的是城市经济的活跃。“殖民运动”使希腊人“拥有所需的土地，最富产的国家(斯基泰、埃及、西西里)为其供给粮食，他们掌控了集纳世界财富的市场。”[3](p.111)希腊人从此成为航海民族腓尼基人的主要竞争对手。正是在城市广为发展的宏阔背景下，希腊人迎来了古典时代(公元前5—公元前4世纪)的文化盛期。此间，发展突出的雅典城市集聚了古典文化繁荣所必须的经济、政治和文化基础，自然成为“全希腊人的学校”和时代的翘楚。本文旨在以雅典为例，探究希腊古典文化繁荣的城市因素，希冀说明城市是希腊古典文化繁荣的基石。如果离开了城市，希腊古典文化的繁荣将是不可想象的。
    城市集聚古典文化繁荣的物质基础——工商业经济
　　古典时期，充分发展的希腊工商业经济，无疑是古典文明繁荣的物质基础。而城市集聚了工商业经济，是工商业经济活动的中心。
　　公元前6—公元前4世纪，希腊世界的工业大有发展，尤其是在阿提卡地区，雅典城市及其外港拜里厄斯的工业特别活跃。手工行业更多，更有组织和更加专门化。出现了冶金业、造船业、制陶业、建筑业、纺织业、制鞋业等多种类型的手工业作坊。以制鞋、冶铁、建筑业和制陶业为例，制鞋业不仅有制男、女鞋的分工，还有裁鞋面、纳鞋底、上鞋等不同工序的分工[3](p.225)。冶铁业出现了专门负责锻打、铸范、拉风的分工。建筑业则有木工、铸工、铜工、石匠、染匠、金匠、象牙匠、画匠、刺绣匠、