哈佛标注格式 Guidelines on reference listing: the
Harvard system
The Harvard reference system (or author-date system) is the
means by which you identify books and other sources which you
have used in your writing. It is the system you are recommended
to use unless your tutor directs you to use another. It is very
important to be consistent and accurate when citing references.
Citations in the body of your writing should give the author’s
surname with the year of publication. The full details of all
these references should be listed alphabetically by author name
as a reference list at the end of your writing. If you wish
to acknowledge other sources that have been used in your learning
these should be given in a separate bibliography. If you are
writing an academic essay you need to use citations to acknowledge
your sources in the following circumstances: If writing a dissertation
or a practice based project there is an expectation of wider
reading to inform your work, it is appropriate that both a reference
list and a bibliography should be submitted.
if you are using an actual quotation from another source;
if you are paraphrasing another source;
if you are referring directly to another source;
if your own writing is closely based on, or is drawn heavily
from, the work of another writer;
if you wish, for some other reason, to draw attention to a
source.
Citing References in the Text
Single author
Two authors
More than two authors
Direct quotation
Secondary referencing
Citing References in the Reference List or Bibliography
Printed sources
Arrangement
A book by a single author
A book by two authors
A book by more than two authors
A book by a corporate author (e.g. a government department
or other organisation)
An edited book
A chapter in a book
An article in a journal by one author
An article in a journal by two or more authors
An article in a newspaper
Official and Government publications
Conference Proceedings
Published conference proceedings with author or editor(s)
Paper from published conference proceedings with author or
editor(s)
Thesis or Dissertation
A Secondary Reference
Internet sources
Individual works
No specified Author
Citing electronic journals
Email Discussion Lists
Personal email
Other sources
Audio-visual
CD sleeve/liner notes
Further Information
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Citing References in the Text
In-text citations should give the surname of the author or
editor, the date of publication and, where necessary a precise
page reference which is separated from the rest of the information
by a comma. Some examples are listed below:
Single author
Two authors
More than two authors
Direct quotation
Secondary referencing
Single author
Kaufman (1987) advances the notion that elderly people maintain
a sense of continuity with their past lives.
Health is dynamic and this makes it difficult to define it
unambiguously as a concept (Seedhouse, 1986).
Early recordings show how distinctive the orchestras of different
countries sounded at the start of the twentieth century (Roberts,
1989, p.22-48).
When an author has published more than one cited source in
the same year these are distinguished by adding a lower case
letter after the year:
Burnard (1992a) wrote about communication for health care
professionals that ….
Burnard (1992b) predicted problems of childhood obesity …
Two authors
In the study by Basford and Slevin (1995)….
More than two authors
Benner et al (1996) concluded that….
Note: however all the authors’ names should appear in the
reference list.
Direct quotation
When quoting directly from a source use quotation marks and
acknowledge the writer’s name, year of publication and page
number.
Short quotations (up to 2 lines) can be included in the body
of the text:
Weir (1995, p.10) states that "defining roles and their
remits is not simple".
Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:
In discussing staff development Thomas and Ingham (1995,
p.33) state that:
"Development is infectious, and staff who previously
have recoiled from undertaking a degree or conversion course
have been encouraged by the success of others".
Secondary referencing
Secondary referencing is when one author is referring to the
work of another and the primary source is not available. You
should cite the primary source and the source you have read
thus:
Torres (1990) suggests that the individual is the ‘core’
of nursing practice (cited by Jasper, 1994)
Merleau-Ponty (1962, cited by Munhall, 1989) suggests that
key concepts relating to this are embedded in individual experience.
In your reference list details of the publications by Jasper
(1994) and Munhall (1989).
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Citing References in the Reference List or Bibliography
Printed Sources
Arrangement
A book by a single author
A book by two authors
A book by more than two authors
A book by a corporate author (e.g. a government department
or other organisation)
An edited book:
A chapter in a book
An article in a journal by one author
An article in a journal by two or more authors
An article in a newspaper
Official and Government publications
Conference Proceedings
Published conference proceedings with author or editor(s):
Paper from published conference proceedings with author or
editor(s)
Thesis or Dissertation
A Secondary Reference
Arrangement
References should be listed in alphabetical order of author's
or editor's surnames. If the author's surname is not known
use the abbreviation 'Anon.' for 'Anonymous', and list the
book under 'A'. If the publication is produced by a company
or organisation it should be listed in the alphabetical sequence
under the initial letter of the first major word of the organisation's
name ('A', 'An' and 'The' are not regarded as major words).
Two abbreviations that you may need to use are 'n.d.' and
'n.p.'.
? 'n.d.' means 'no date' and is used when the date of publication
is not know. Put this in square brackets [n.d.]
? 'n.p.' means 'no place of publication' and is used when
the place of publication is not known. Again put this in square
brackets [n.p.]
If more than one item by the same author has been published
during a specific year, use lower case letters after the year
(1999a, 1999b etc.):
Aggleton, P. and Chalmers, H. (2000)…
Burnard, P. (1998a)…
Burnard, P. (1998b)…
Drain, C.B. (1994)…
Health Education Authority (1993)…
Hinchliff, S.M. ed. (1979)…
Hinchliff, S.M. (1987)…
Whenever possible details should be taken from the title
page of a publication and not from the front cover, which
may be different. Each reference should include the detail
and punctuation given in the examples below. Author's forenames
can be included if given on the title page but the initial
is sufficient. The title of the publication should either
be in italics or underlined, followed by the place of publication
and the publisher's name. The examples given below are in
italics:
A book by a single author:
Stiglitz, J. (2002) Globalisation and its discontents. London:
Allen Lane.
A book by two authors:
Aggleton, P. and Chalmers, H. (2000) Nursing models and nursing
practice. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
A book by more than two authors should have all the authors
acknowledged:
Bowes, A., Gleason, D. and Smith, P. (1990) Sociology: a modular
approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press
A book by a corporate author (e.g. a government department
or other organisation):
United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs
(2001) World public sector report: globalization and the state
2001. New York: United Nations.
An edited book:
Basford, L. and Slevin, O. (eds.) (1995) Theory and practice
of nursing: an integrated approach to patient care. Edinburgh:
Campion.
A chapter in a book:
Taruskin, R. (1988) The pastness of the present and the present
of the past. In Authenticity and Early Music, ed. N. Kenyon,
p.137-207. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
An article in a journal by one author:
Allen, A. (1993) Changing theory in nursing practice. Senior
Nurse, 13 (1), p.43-5.
An article in a journal by two or more authors:
As with books (see above), you should list all the authors
in the reference or bibliography:
Colley, A., Banton, L., Down, J and Pither, A. (1992) An
expert-novice comparison in musical composition. Psychology
of music, 20, p.124-34.
An article in a newspaper:
Leadbetter, C. (2002) Why globalisation is a good thing: analysis.
The Times, June 26, p.6.
Official and Government publications:
Official and government documents include such items as laws
and statutes, reports of government committees and the debates
that take place in the legislature of a country. There is
no standard pattern for the citation of official documents;
the information you are able to give will depend on what is
supplied by the official body that issued the document. If
there is a possibility of confusion, you should give the name
of the country concerned as the first part of the citation.
This is followed by the name of the body or agency that issued
the document, the title of the document in italics, the publication
date, the place of publication and the publisher's name:
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. International
Development Committee (2001) The Globalisation White Paper.
Report, together with minutes of evidence, appendices and
proceedings of the committee. London: The Stationery Office
(HC 2000-2001 (208)).
United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs
(2001) World public sector report: globalization and the state
2001. New York: United Nations.
Conference Proceedings
Published conference proceedings with author or editor(s):
Banks, S. et al (1998) Networked Lifelong Learning: innovative
approaches to education and training through the Internet:
Proceedings of the 1998 International Conference held at the
University of Sheffield. Sheffield: University of Sheffield.
Paper from published conference proceedings with author or
editor(s)
Proctor, P. (1998) The tutorial: combining asynchronous and
synchronous learning. In Banks, S. et al. Networked Lifelong
Learning: innovative approaches to education and training
through the Internet: Proceedings of the 1998 International
Conference held at the University of Sheffield. Sheffield,
University of Sheffield.
Thesis or Dissertation
Most dissertations and theses are unpublished, so they need
a special citation method:
Jones, J.B. (1974) The piano and chamber works of Gabriel
Fauré. PhD dissertation. Cambridge University.
If a dissertation or thesis is published, it should be cited
as a book.
A Secondary Reference
You may find that you need to cite a specific chapter or essay
in a book, particularly where the chapters are written by
different authors:
Bushy, A. (1996) Cultural and ethnic diversity: cultural
competence. In Hickey, J.V. Advanced practice nursing: changing
roles and clinical applications. Philadelphia: Lippincott,
p.91-106
Internet Sources
Individual works
No specified Author
Citing electronic journals
Email Discussion Lists
Personal email
Individual works
Author/editor surname, Initial (year) Title [online]. Edition.
Place of publication, Publisher. Available from: <URL>
[Accessed date].
Marieb, E. (2000) Essentials of human anatomy and physiology:
AWL Companion Web Site. [online]. 6th edition. San Francisco:
Benjamin Cummings. Available from:
<http://occ.awlonline.com/bookbind/pubbooks/marieb-essentials/>
[Accessed 4 July 2001].
The date of publication is the date the pages were last updated.
If no publication date is given write (No date) or (n.d.).
No specified Author
Organisation. (Year) Title [online]. Edition statement if
given. Place of publication: Publisher. Available from: <URL>.
[Accessed date].
University of Reading (2000) Education: a brief guide to
internet resources [online]. Reading: Reading University.
Available from:
<http://www.reading.ac.uk/libweb/Lib/Subj/Ir/ireduc.html>
[Accessed 6 October 2000]
Citing electronic journals
Author surname, Initial. (Year) Title of article. Journal
title [online], Volume (part). Available from: <URL>.
[Accessed date].
Snyder, M. (2001) Overview and summary of complementary therapies:
Are these really nursing? Online Journal of Issues in Nursing
[online], 6 (2), 31 May 2001. Available from:
<http://www.nursingworld/ojin/topic15/tpc15ntr.htm>
[Accessed 4 July 2001].
Email Discussion Lists
References to these messages should be treated in the same
way as journal references; using the list name in place of
the journal title and the subject line of the message in place
of the article title. For 'Available from' use the email address
of the list administrator. These details, together with the
author, will appear in the message header.
Author, (Day Month Year). Subject of Message. Discussion list
[online]. Available from: email list address [Accessed 5th
July 2001]
Nott, A.J. (26 Jan 2000) Integrated care pathways. Psychiatric-nursing
[online]. Available from:
<http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/psychiatric-nursing.html>
[Accessed 5 July 2001]
Personal email
If you wish to refer to a personal email message then the
following format is recommended. Always get the sender's permission
to quote a message especially if you quote their email address.
Sender (Sender's email address) (Day Month Year). Subject
of Message. Email to recipient (Recipient's email address).
McConnell, D. (D.McConnell@sheffield.ac.uk) (28th November
1997) Follow up to your interview. Personal email to L. Parker
(l.a.parker@sheffield.ac.uk)
Other Sources
Audio-visual
Author, Initials. (Year) Title [format]. Edition statement
if given. Place of publication: Publisher. If no author, use
the title as the first part of the citation.
Now wash your hands. (1996) [Videocassette]. Southampton:
University of Southampton, Teaching Support and Media Services
Gandhi. (1982) [DVD]. Dir. Richard Attenborough. Columbia.
Thatcher, Margaret. (1986) Interview. In Six O'Clock News.
TV, BBC 1. 1986 Jan 29. 18.00 hrs.
CD sleeve/liner notes
Al Hilgart, liner note to Ella Fitzgerald sings the Rodgers
and Hart Song Book. 1997. Compact disc. Verve. 537 258-2.
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Further Information
This guide briefly describes the essential features of the
Harvard referencing system. For further information please
refer to the list of printed and online sources listed below
which were used in the compilation of this guide.
Bournemouth University Library (2004) Citing references [online].
Available from:
<http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/citing_references.html>
[Accessed 21 September 2004].
Herbert, T. (2001) Music in words: a guide to researching
and writing about music. London: Associated Board of the Royal
Schools of Music.
Huddersfield University (2003) Information skills: how to
reference your work [online]. Available from:
<http://wwwcls.hud.ac.uk/cls-bin/cls.pl?c=24/56/151>
[Accessed 21 September 2004].
Open University Library (2004) Managing references [online].
Available from:
<http://library.open.ac.uk/help/helpsheets/cite.html>
[Accessed 21 September 2004].
University of Sheffield Library (2001) Citing electronic
sources of information HSL-DVC2 [online].
Available from:
<http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/hsl-dvc2.html>
[Accessed 21 September 2004].
If you need more assistance, your Subject Librarian will be
pleased to help.
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