Harvard Referencing Guidelines
When writing a piece of academic work you should always ‘cite’ the published source of any factual information, data, opinion, or direct quotation. References in the body of your text must relate to a complete list at the end – the bibliography.
There are several different conventions for citations and references. One of the most widely used methods is based on the British Standard BS5605 (1990). It is commonly known as the Harvard System.
How to Make a Citation
At every point in the text at which a reference to a particular document is made, the author’s surname and the year of publication are inserted in parentheses (brackets). The definition of document here includes material such as TV or radio programmes, information obtained from the Internet, films etc.
If there are two authors, the names of both are given. If there are more than two authors the surname of the first author alone is given, followed by ‘et al.’ (Et al means and others.)
Example: In a recent study (Hutson & Chapman 1999), it was argued…
In a further report (Hutson & Jones 1999) it is shown…
In an earlier conference paper (Smith et al. 1996) claimed that…
If the author has published more than one cited document in the same year distinguish between them by adding a, b, c, etc. after the year.
Example: (Williams 1997a)
If you refer to more than one author with the same surname, add their initials to differentiate between them.
Example: (Jenki无忧论文 【http://www.uklunwen.com】ns, R. 1994)
If the author’s name occurs naturally in the text, the year is given in parentheses.
Example: Evans (1981) suggested that…
If no author is given, use ‘Anon’ (anonymous).
If no date is given use ‘nd’ (no date).
Where the originator of the document is an organisation or corporate body rather than an individual, use the title of the originating body.
Examples: (Anon 1978); Smith (nd); Age Concern (1995)
When citing diagrams, tables or lists, treat them as quotations (see below) and give page number(s).
You may need to cite sources other than academic books, journals and conference papers, including official publications (UK Government, European Union, United Nations etc.), film, video, tapes of broadcasts, unpublished material, or a thesis. For these you should follow the general pattern of the examples given above when making the citation.
Quotations
Wherever you quote material from a document you must show this clearly. You should cite as above, but also include the page number(s) of the quoted material. Failure to do so may leave you open to the suspicion of plagiarism.
You should make sure that all quotations are exact, even if this means reproducing spelling mistakes or odd punctuation, etc. Some authors may use sexist pronouns. You may want to deal with by putting ‘(sic)’ after the offending word, to indicate that it is ‘as quoted’.
Quotations can be edited or ‘sharpened up’ to make a point more clearly. Any material left o |
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